In our thriller we wanted our costume to be representative to everyday life to add to the verisimilitude of our thriller, although we added extra touches to give the audience an impression of who the character is. The main female character is going to wear black jeans, a black top and a blush pick faux fur coat. The all black basic outfit creates a sense of mystery and darkness, which hints at secrets and deception, which I thought went well with the entire thriller genre. The outfit is comfy and casual, although the fur coat added over the top creates a sense of luxury and feminises the character as well as demonstrating power.
As for extra touches, we wanted the character to apply her makeup throughout the opening of the thriller, to allow the audience to gain an almost concrete idea of who she is. The character is going to be wearing a dark red lipstick as well as expensive jewellery to demonstrate that she is a strong, independent women. I think that this style of costume is perfect for our targeted audience because it is young, playful and yet still remains quite everyday.
The other character in our thriller, won't have his outfit on show as he will be half buried under the duvet sheets, however one of his arms and legs will be visual and so we also needed to take into account what he was wearing. We decided to dress him in all black to create again a sense of mystery and imply secrets. The colour black could also used to represent death and darkness which is typical in the thriller genre. We were thinking of adding a trickle of fake blood down his hand, however we thought that this touch might have made our thriller boarder onto the horror side, and we also wanted to keep the narrative fairly ambiguous as to not give to much away right at once.
Below are different recce shots that we took from each of our houses, We will compare the pictures and decide which location would be best to film each scene. We don't have to film every scene in the same house so having multiple options will make sure that we have the most suitable location.
These were the recce shots for the shots that will require a dressing table and mirror. We will not be using the third location as the mirror is to large and doesn't have a table underneath and so wouldn't work well with our concept. We liked the first shot but we thought that the lighting was to yellow and there isn't enough space around the desk to be able to film. Therefore we are going to shoot the mirror scenes in the second shot seen above, as it has good natural lighting and has a large mirror and desk with enough room to film.
For the scene where a bed is involved we wanted a double bed, therefore, the location in the first picture isn't suitable. We did like the middle shot and thought that the décor in the room would compliment the narrative that we are going for, however the room doesn't have the right layout that we wanted, so we chose shot 3 for the location as it had good natural lighting and the double bed was in the perfect position behind the dressing table and mirror.
The stairs scene is a crucial part of our thriller and so the decision of where to film was well thought out. We decided not to film in the fourth location above because we wanted a more neutral coloured carpet and a banister that could be seen through. We liked the first and seconds shots because of the banister, however the lighting is a bit yellow as there is no natural light. Therefore we are going to film in the third shot location as during the day there is a lot of natural lighting, it has a neutral carpet and has the type of banister that we wanted.
We are going to have an establishing shot of a house at the beginning of our thriller opening, and so we needed to pick the most suitable location. From the third we really liked how the trees framed the shot as it adds and eerie wintry atmosphere, however we were looking to film a detached house to create more of an isolated feeling. We liked the isolated look of the first location however we thought that the surroundings appeared dull and boring, which won't catch the audiences eye. Therefore we are going to film in the second location because the house is detached but can still be seen to be in a suburban neighbourhood and has greenery and a long drive which we think will look great on camera.
This is our filming schedule for the next 2 weeks, we are trying to film only on 2 days as we have a limited amount of days when everyone including actors are free to film. We are filming for both days in the early afternoon so that we have a good amount of daylight to film in. Even though we have a limited time to film both scenes I think that we will be able to film everything in time as we are spreading the filming evenly and aren't changing location at all in each day. We do have two different locations but they are filmed on separate days.
There isn't much shot diversity in this thriller opening in terms of camera angles, as the majority of it was filmed in mid shot. Filming everything in mid shot make the thriller lack excitement and can appear long and boring, also making the scene look unprofessional and messy. The lack of close ups and extremes close ups definitely limits this thrillers potential. Sound
I do think that the sound works well in this thriller to create a distinct atmosphere. The chilling non-diegetic music definitely fits the thriller theme as the creepy music creates an eerie and tense environment. However I don't really think that the dialogue adding anything to this opening at all as the script was vague and didn't hint at anything to come in the narrative at all. A narrative enigma is usually good in the opening of a thriller however in this case I don't think that the dialogue was really needed. Mise-en-Scene
There is low key lighting in this thriller opening which is typical of a thriller to create a mysterious and sinister atmosphere. The darkness with the warm glow of the street lights adds an eerie effect, however in the final 30 seconds or so, it is really dark with only torch light which makes it hard for the audience to actually see what is going on which makes the scene look amateur. Also, there wasn't any significant props in this thriller opening which makes the scene quite bland and not interesting, as there isn't anything being shown that had connotations of a typical thriller. Editing
In this thriller opening there is only straight cut editing used to transition between different shots. This limits the grade the this thriller could achieve and makes it look unprofessional and boring. The straight cuts almost drag out the narrative and don't add any excitement to the thriller at all. Therefore the use of editing in this specific thriller opening isn't the best as no substance or depth has been added.
In my thriller I want to have an establishing shot at the beginning of the scene to set the scene and automatically create a tense atmosphere. For the establishing I want to have a shot of a house, so that the audience know where the events are happening. When analysing other students thrillers from previous years I found an establishing shot that I liked of a house with white titles across the screen, so I want to recreate a similar shot in my final thriller.
This is the shot:
In this thriller the main character is wearing slippers and a dressing gown, which is seen to be typical of everyday. The use of this costume creates a suspicious effect as we wouldn't suspect anything strange to happen by a man in his pyjamas. This type of costuming makes the audience ask questions which is crucial for a thriller, as it creates tension and a sense of mystery.
The props in this thriller are Barbie dolls and workshop tools, creating creepy and eerie atmosphere. The Barbie dolls are obscure and unusual in this setting as they don't fit in with the everyday location and costuming which adds to the suspense and tension, typical of thrillers. This creates an eerie atmosphere and makes the audience ask questions because we are unsure about what is gong to happen next.
Editing
Throughout this thriller opening there are quick black and white flashes with inserts of disturbing inserts of broken and deformed dolls. These jumpy flashes give the audience and insight into what is going to be lurking in the shed, building the tension and adding to the already apparent suspense. Automatically a thrilling atmosphere is being produce as the audience wait until he turns the door handle and reveals what disturbing objects lie behind the creaky door. This style of editing is typically seen in thrillers to create a spooky atmosphere.
There are quick cuts during a montage of shots of different tools that could be found in a shed. The montage of shots were edited to be in black and white creating a contrast in colour and making the opening more eye-catching and draws the audiences attention. The shots of the different industrial equipment could have negative connotations of torture or danger, which creates suspense and tension which is typical of thrillers. The fast pace in the montage also provides short burst of almost excitement and is a complete juxtaposition to the slower pace cuts in between.
Camera
There are a lot of close up and extreme close up shots in this thriller opening which adds diversity and excitement. Also these types of shots, where hands are shown to be doing things created questions being asked as the small amount seen in the shot doesn't give away much of the narrative. The use of close up shots also makes the filming look a lot more professional than if the entire opening was in mid shot.
Sound
There is little dialogue in this thriller opening which creates an eerie and suspense filled atmosphere as a narrative enigma is created. Instead of all dialogue, there is an almost angelic light hearted song in the background which creates a weird and mysterious effect as we wouldn't associate that type of music with thrilling suspense. However it can typically be seen is psychological thrillers creating and eerie and creepy atmosphere making the reader question what's happening, and question their own thoughts. This quirky music style makes this thriller opening look professional and creative because they haven't just used a loud dramatic song bordering on the horror side of the thriller genre.
Girl: Marisa Onorati: We chose Marisa because we wanted a woman who would make a strong, powerful women who could be cold and austere. The ideal person to play the character Lola is a feminine young women who still remains slightly innocent to appeal to all audiences.
Dead body: Jordan Brightmore: We chose Jordan because we needed a masculine hand and arm which will appear sticking out from underneath the bed sheets.
Evaluation
I think that our preliminary final edit was successful, in a sense that our vision was recreated, the filming and editing went smoothly and we didn't come across any significant problems. I think that the music that we added in the background worked well with the final piece and is faded in and out well. I also think that we used costume and props efficiently and the location worked well with the narrative because the kitchen scene was a casual, everyday location. As well as mise-en-scene, I think that our narrative and dialogue was created and created tension and suspense which is typical of a thriller, the limited dialogue make the reader ask question which is a positive. We also used a range of different shots which adds to the depth and complexity of our final edit, making it look more professional.
If I was to identify weaknesses to our final edit, i would definitely say that the editing could have been more seamless and smooth, as it can appear a bit jumpy at times and the different shots don't transition into one another as well as I would like, so when it comes to my real thriller introduction i will focus more on continuity editing. Another weakness could be that the ambient sound in the background is a bit loud and doesn't match the other music, as well, in some parts you can hear people speaking in the background. To resolve this in the real video i could record the ambient sound separately and just mute the noise recorded on the camera.
Our group edited with Adobe Premiere Pro, having not used it before we were able to pick up the technique relatively quickly with some help from the teacher. Everyone in our group had a chance to edit and everyone contributed ideas of how to improve or editing style. In our video we were sure to use suitable transitions between cuts to create a fluidity and make the editing look professional, as just a series of straight can appear to be jumpy and not smooth. During the editing we didn't really have any major issues, the only minute problem we faced, was when we were editing in music and struggled to fade the music out slowly so that is wasn't just a blunt cut off. However, after playing with it we were able to fade the music out so that it fused well with the visual editing. I think that our editing was successful as we edited in the original 2 hours that we were given and managed to upload it to youtube without any complications. The only section that I wasn't particularly happy with was the light switch frame, as the editing was slightly jumpy and wasn't a very good example of continuity editing. Therefore in our actual thriller opening I will keep this in mind, making sure that all of the editing throughout is fluid.
On the day of filming our group had to ensure that we had a structured plan so that we could manage our filming time efficiently. Originally, we had planned to film our video in an ordinary classroom, however the lighting was dark and yellow, so we wanted to change location. Also, we didn't feel like the classroom background complimented the narrative. Changing classrooms did mean that we lost some of our time, as we only had 2 hours to complete our filming. We then decided to film in a food technology classroom as we thought that the kitchen background is more typical of everyday and added to the verisimilitude.
In our first location we actually managed to film 2 shots, one of which was actually used in the final cut, when the protagonist flicks the light switch. We also filmed an action match of the plastic cup falling on the floor in the classroom, however when looking back at our footage we realised that it would look odd and out of place if the floor was different, so we made sure to re-film that section in the food technology room. However, this did mean that we had a range of different shots to work with, which came to be an advantage when it came to editing.
When filming we tried to focus on the dialogue scene, as that was a significant requirement for the preliminary. We made sure to film the conversation in a range of different shots, such as a two shot, a shot-reverse-shot and an over the shoulder. The variety of different shots makes the editing stage easier because there are options. Also the different shots and angles add depth and dimension to the final video and creates more fluidity. We worked efficiently as a team, and took it in turns to film, making sure that we ticked off all of the shots that we had planned. Our teamwork was also efficient when it came to finding solutions to any problems that we faced, for example one of our panning shots wasn't working and didn't fit well, so we all came together a a team and suggested new ideas that would work more effectively.
Costume Location and Props
In our video we won't be using many props as we want to keep the focus on the dialogue and the eerie and tense atmosphere. Having a small amount of props still makes the scene look realistic and doesn't clutter the environment creating an unbalanced backdrop. The only props we will be using are a plastic cup for when the protagonist drops it on the floor when she is shocked to see the antagonist. The hollow sound of the cup when it falls to the ground and the splash of water, will add to the drama and tension of the scene, when there is a dramatic pause. We will also be using a fake knife in our video to create drama and give a good representation of what is thriller is all about. The fake knife will only be seen in the last final seconds of the scene when the antagonist says 'you'll soon find out', adding to the tension by creating a dark and sinister atmosphere which is seen as typical of thrillers and horrors.
Plastic Knife
Plastic Cup
Costume in our video will be simple and realistic to everyday which reflects our kitchen setting.The protagonist will be wearing an basic outfit of jeans and a top to add to the verisimilitude of the scene, because that type of casual wear is typical of everyday. The antagonist will also be wearing a simple costume, mainly consisting of dark clothing and subtle make-up. We don't want the costumes to be to over the top as it could make our video appear comical when the aim is to film a serious and tense scene.
For the location of our video we will be filming in a kitchen scene, using a food technology classroom. We decided to film in this location because it makes the scene look more realistic and not out of place as a kitchen is typical in an everyday scene. Originally we were going to film in an English classroom, however we moved location as we didn't think that a typical classroom was an appropriate setting for our tense and dramatic scene and didn't fit the narrative.
Narrative
For
preliminary task I am working in a group of four and have to film a
short clip of someone walking through a door and having a conversation.
In our video we have to include a shot-reverse-shot with at least four
lines of speech, a person walking through a door and an action match.
The storyline, costumes, props and location are all up to us.
In
our group we decided on the genre of thriller. The basis of our video
is, a woman is walking into her kitchen to fetch a glass of water and is
shocked to see a murderous villain waiting for her arrival. The two
characters end up having a heated conversation, and the scene is left on
a cliff hanger as the killer hints that something bad is going to
happen to her.
Structure
Below is a written storyboard of the structure of our film, including shot angles and sizes as well as sound.
In our preliminary we will be using a series of techniques such as, shot-reverse-shot, close ups, extreme close ups, slow motion, over-the-shoulder shot, a pan and a tracking shot.
Script We are going to have a small amount of dialogue in our prelim film as we want to create suspense and tension, using dramatic pauses. Lucy(protagonist):''Fancy seeing you here'' Marisa(antagonist):''What have you done with her?'' Lucy(protagonist):''Why don't you come over here?'' Marisa(antagonist):''What have you done with her, where is she!?' Lucy(protagonist):''Don't worry, you'll find out soon enough...'' We want the protagonist to repeat her lines of speech to build tension and drama, as well as emphasising and drawing attention to the idea that someone is missing, automatically making the audience ask question, which is typical of a thriller.
Sound
In our preliminary video we will be using sound effects, such as footsteps, and a cup dropping on the floor. We will also be using music in the background to create tension and add drama and suspense. This is the website we will be using to source our copyright free music is http://www.freesfx.co.uk/music/ The sound in our video will be key to create the perfect atmosphere. We aim to create a tense, mysterious and sinister ambience.
There is an over the shoulder shot of Teddy Daniels where he is looking in the mirror at his reflection. Typically, when a character is staring intensely at their reflection in a mirror, usually something is wrong or they are thinking about something. The way he stares right into his own eyes might imply some internal conflict within him and perhaps hints at a big reveal about his character. These types of shots, when using a mirror are typical of thrillers as they reveal a characters emotions and imply a dark hidden secret adding to the tension and making the audience ask questions, which is key in a thriller.
An establishing shot of a ship is used right at the beginning of the scene to create an eerie and mysterious atmosphere to set the scene. The shot is complete with a dark mist and grey sky which is seen a lot in thrillers as it creates a spooky and almost chilling ambience. The establishing is used to set the scene for the entire film, so it is importance that it creates a large impact because it informs the reader in some cases of what is going to occur within the film.
Sound
In this scene there is the ambient sound of rattling chains, heard when Teddy is walking through the boat. This type of chiming and clashing sound creates a sinister and spooky atmosphere as rattling chains can be associated prisoners or slaves being locked up and trapped, which create tension and makes the reader question what that boat is or was used for. Rattling chains are used a lot in thrillers and horrors and they have connotations of torture and fear, again building the drama and tension.
There is also non-diegetic music in the background of this scene that slowly builds tension and creates an eerie atmosphere. The sound is a dragged out low pitched sharp noise which is apparent throughout and stays at a constant volume and pitch. Even though this non-diegetic sound doesn't build into a crescendo, tension is still created in a less obvious way, as the dull low pitched sound keeps the audience's suspense at a continuous rate until the next scene, dragging out the tension and drawing the audience in.
Mise-en-Scene
The costume in this scene is old fashioned, both characters are wearing long duster coats and hats, which add a sense of mystery. This is a popular costume choice in thriller as the old fashioned style creates a more mysterious or even creepy atmosphere which are typical conventions in thrillers. As well, the hats and long coats insinuate that Teddy and Chuck are detectives which again adds mystery and makes the reader ask questions about what will happen later on in the narrative.
The location is key to create an eerie and almost ambiguous setting as the foggy establishing shot of the boat creating a narrative enigma straight away as we don't know what is to come from that foggy boat scene. The scene isn't necessarily in low key or high key lighting, and instead is grey and dull but still bright again adding a unusual, strange and mysterious atmosphere which is typical of thrillers.
Editing
The most significant editing in this scene is probably the flashbacks because they give the audience an insight into the narrative of the film which gets the reader asking continuous questions. The flashbacks also create a tension and sense of drama as they insinuate more to come, adding a hint of mystery because we want to know what happened in Teddy's life and how that will affect the narrative. The flashback also portrays him as the focal character and adds suspense as the audience questions his motives.
The font throughout this opening sequence is in sans serif and starts of in a red colour, which then changes to white when listing the actors. The red writing could resemble blood, as red had connotations of death and danger. The red writing appears fuzzy and messy, whilst jolting from side to side, and is almost difficult to read which mirrors or reflects the confusing and rattling style of the film, which is typical of a thriller. The red font is smaller than the white font and so doesn't jump of the screen as much, maybe because they want to draw attention to the actors. The font therefore gives and overall eerie and creepy atmosphere creating tension right from the get go.
In this extract there is a long shot of the female ballerina sitting on the floor in a white dress with a bright spotlight on her. This type of shot isn't really typical of a thriller as it isn't dark and disturbing, but instead is angelic and serene. Therefore her character could be seen as innocent, or a victim as she sits on the stage isolated and by herself. This type of camera work is typical of a thriller, as showing a victim makes the audience think that something bad is going to happen to her, therefore creating tension ans suspense.
An over-the-shoulder tracking shot is also used in this scene just after a long shot of the ballerina sitting on the floor. The male dancer is seen walking up behind the ballerina in an intimidating manner as the music builds into a dramatic crescendo. This is typical of a thriller and almost resembles and animal stalking its prey which makes the audience worried for the ballerina as it appears that something bad is going to happen to her. All of which add to the tension and suspense as the audience find themselves on the edge of their seats.
Sound
All throughout this extract there is the non-diegetic music of a violin orchestra which is typical in ballet shows, so fits in with the narrative of the scene. However the music does have disturbing and sinister undertones of deep drums that gradually increase, building the tension. At the very start of the extract there is also a sinister almost evil laugh, which straight away lets the audience know that the film is a dark thriller and also created tension as the audience are then intrigued to find out what happens next. The fact that the violin music soon changes into a dark music piece is very representative that this film is a psychological thriller and so plays with our minds.
There isn't any dialogue in this scene, to draw attention to the characters body language, and emphasise the style of non-diegetic music. The fact that there isn't any dialogue creates a narrative enigma and builds suspense and tensions for that break in the silence. a completely silent start, is typical of a thriller because the silence creates a dark and eerie atmosphere, which is the perfect way to being a thriller.
Editing
There isn't much significant editing in this extract and the majority of the scene is in a long take. During the long takes the camera is continuously moving around the dancers, almost suggesting a spiralling confusion of emotions, again hinting at the psychological thriller theme and the constant spinning plays with the readers mind. The long takes also drag out the tension and suspense adding to the already creepy and eerie atmosphere, as turning a serene and angelic figure such as a ballerina into a dark and disturbing character is bizarre and mysterious.
Mise-En-Scene
There is low key lighting in this extract which is typical of a thriller as it straight away creates a mysterious and eerie atmosphere. The dark lighting makes the ballerinas white dress stand out, drawing attention to her character, perhaps suggesting that she is going to be a significant character in this film. Again emphasising her innocence and isolation as she is seen on a entirely black stage. The two different costumes in this extract could be seen as significant as the the female is seen to be wearing a delicate crisp white dress, whereas the male is wearing all black, dark and mysterious clothing. This contrast might be portraying good and evil or innocent and intimidating, again making the audience think and creating further tension which is typical of a psychological thriller, as they are all about playing with the audiences mind.
Executive Producers Tyler Thompson and Peter Fruchtman
Screenplay by Mark Heyman and Andres Heinz
Natalie Portman
Vincent Cassel
Mila Kunis
Font
The font used in the opening titles for Black Swan is a small black serif font that appears in the corner of the screen. The smaller font emphasises and draws more attention to the drawing scene, creating suspense and tension as we don't know what is happening. The black colour is suitable for a thriller and stands out well on the almost tea stained background, and creates an almost disturbing and sinister atmosphere. The font is seen to slowly fade in and out again adding to the dramatic eerie tension. The dark boarder, black chalk and black font all compliment each other and the title of the film creating the full effect of what a thriller is all about.
casting by Johanna Ray, C.S.A and Elaine J. Huzzar
music composed and conducted by Angelo Badalamenti
editor Mary Sweeney
production/costume designer Patricia Norris
director of photography Peter Cleming
produced by Deepak Nayar, Tom Sternburg, Mary Sweeney
written by David Lynch and Barry Gifford
Font
In the opening title sequence for the lost highway the sans serif font is large and bold creating a big impact straight away. The bright yellow font is a good contrast from the dark night light and is emphasised by the glow of the car headlights. The yellow colour also matches the yellow road markings creating a simple yet effective colour scheme. The font is small to begin with, gradually becoming larger as it reaches the front of the screen. This creates a strong impact and reflects the tension that is seen in thrillers, because as the tension builds, the text builds and gets bigger, therfore creating drama which is what is usually seen from thrillers.
Font For the titles, a large sans serif font is used to create a distinct impact in the title sequence. The font is in black with a thick white outline to make the titles pop and stand out. Fonts are used to reflect the style or genre of film, in this case a thriller. The large bold sans serif font in this extract reflects the bold and thrilling storyline of the film. the dark colour of the font is not only used to create a bold impact but is also representative the the dark and disturbing narrative.
Camera
In this opening sequence a tracking shot from behind the main character is used whilst she is running through a forest. Firstly this use of camera work is used to show the surroundings and create a fluid entrance to the film. In this case, with this film being a thriller the tracking shot gives off an almost scary and creepy tension, as it could appear that someone is following her from behind. This creates tension and suspense right from the beginning of the film as we expect something terrible to happen to her even if doesn't. Also, because this tracking shot is quite the long, the audience are automatically drawn in as a women is shown by herself in a misty forest by herself, so we therefore assume that she is the protagonist and some type of drama is going to revolve around her.
The use of a long shot is also used in this clip, showing the woman alone and isolated in gloomy forest. This used to create tension due to the emphasise that the character is secluded and cut-off from everyday life. The type of shot is typical of thrillers, because the idea of isolation makes the audience feel on edge and worried for the character as anything could happen, which creates a tension filled atmosphere.
Sound
The non-diegetic music in this clip isn't typically what you might think would be in a thriller, as the music was twinkly and soft whereas if you hear thriller you might automatically think loud dramatic music. The music in this extract is typically seen in psychological thrillers and creates a mysterious and creepy atmosphere. This type of slow pace music is used to create and build tension and suspense as well as creating an eerie atmosphere. There is a lack of dialogue in this clip which creates suspense and tension as the viewers are on the edge of their seat waiting for what is going to happen next, therefore creating a narrative enigma. Editing
Editing is used in this extract to create a specific type of tension and drama. Typically in thrillers quick, fast pace cuts are generally used to create a tension filled atmosphere that all the time keeps the audience on their seat and drawn in. However this film takes a slightly different approach and uses long takes, especially in the first 2 minutes. The long takes definitely creates an eerie and mysterious atmosphere as the scenes are dragged out and almost chilling. Therefore the tension slowly builds and builds which is classic of the thriller genre.
Mise-en-Scene
The lighting in this extract is key to creating the perfect tension filled atmosphere which is critical in a thriller. Throughout this clip the lighting is mainly low key, with the colours almost seen with a washed out effect. This style of lighting is typically seen in thrillers as the dull and gloomy look adds to the mysterious and almost frightening atmosphere of the film. When the women enters the lift, the bright orange t-shirts of the men are an extreme contrast with her grey jumper, emphasising that she is the only women in the lift. The juxtaposition between the small women and the large number of tall masculine men in the lift draw the audiences eye to the fact that the woman protagonist is strong and independent as she appears to be the only woman. Strong female protagonists are becoming more and more of a popular choice in thrillers.
'a novel, play, or film with an exciting plot, typically involving crime or espionage'
1. Usually involves crime or mystery
2. Generally tends to have a male protagonist
3. Thrillers are usually dramatic and are filled with tension and suspense
4. Thrillers tend to start slowly with tension, and pace which gradually increases throughout
5. A thriller usually contains a battle between the protagonist and the antagonist
6. The story shows a chain of bad events building tension and suspense for the climax
7. Generally has low key lighting, shadows, montage of shots and changes in the angle of shots
8. The protagonist is in the mercy of the antagonist
9. Diegetic sound of breathing to create an mysterious atmosphere
10. There is sometimes the use of black and white shots
